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Biological Sciences Course Descriptions More information about course groupings, academic requirements, available majors, and sample curriculum can be found in the Undergraduate Bulletin of Information. BIOS 10098. Introductory Biology Students receiving a 5 on the Biology AP I examination or an IB grade of 7, receive credit fully equivalent to BIOS 10161 + 11161 and BIOS 10162 + 11162, i.e., the first year sequence of Biological Sciences I and II with laboratories designed for science majors. For those students who choose not to waive AP or IB credit, BIOS 10098 and 10099 combined will be accepted as a prerequisite for all upper-level biology courses where BIOS 10161 and/or BIOS 10162 are the prerequisites. Students intending to apply to medical or other professional schools where AP science credit is not accepted, or where two semesters of general biology with laboratories at the college level are required, almost universally waive their AP credit at Notre Dame and take the classes for academic degree credit. In these cases, BIOS 10098/10099 will revert to non-degree credit on their final transcript, when replaced by 8.0 letter-graded degree credits of either BIOS 10161/11161 + 10162/1116201/21201 + 20202/21202 as determined by the requirements of their respective majors. BIOS 10099. Introductory Biology II Students receiving a 5 on the Biology AP examination or an IB grade of 7, receive credit fully equivalent to BIOS 10161 + 11161 and BIOS 10162 + 11162, i.e., the first year sequence of Biological Sciences I and II with laboratories designed for science majors. For those students who choose not to waive AP or IB credit, BIOS 10098 and 10099 combined will be accepted as a prerequisite for all upper-level biology courses where BIOS 10161 and/or BIOS 10162 are the prerequisites. Students intending to apply to medical or other professional schools where AP science credit is not accepted, or where two semesters of general biology with laboratories at the college level are required, almost universally waive their AP credit at Notre Dame and take the classes for academic degree credit. In these cases, BIOS 10098/10099 will revert to non-degree credit on their final transcript, when replaced by 8.0 letter-graded degree credits of either BIOS 10161/11161 + 10162/1116201/21201 + 20202/21202 as determined by the requirements of their respective majors. Please see printed section of this bulletin (page 125) for a general statement pertaining to Biology Survey Courses. BIOS 10101. Human Genetics, Evolution, and Society This course will address fundamental biological principles using the two cornerstones of modern biology: genetics and evolution. Elementary chemistry, cell theory, reproduction, and development will also be covered. The emphasis, however, will be on human genetics and will include such topics as the cause and effects of genetic abnormalities, the genetic basis of intelligence and skin color, genes and cancer, and elementary population genetics. The state of "genetic engineering" research, the recombinant DNA controversy (including the implications of this kind of research on society and the individual) will be presented. Fall and spring. BIOS 10102. Plants, Food, and Society Overview topics will cover primary reproductive biology in plants and influences in bioengineering topics, chiefly involving DNA and gene-splicing. World food concerns and environmental consequences of agronomy occupy a good portion of class time. Video presentations each Friday are on topics covered in lecture. The role of fungi in fundamental situations of plant disease and the degradation of waste materials conclude the topics of environmental influences. Fall and spring. BIOS 10106. Common Human Diseases The goal of this course is to introduce students to diseases that may afflict them, their parents, and/or their children, as well as other health problems common to the Tropics. It will provide the student with the information necessary to understand the biology of the disease process. Fall. BIOS 10107. Ecology & Evolution Emphasis will be placed upon today's ecological and environmental problems and the possible effect they may have upon the future evolution of life on Earth. Topics will generally include an overview of the theory of evolution and a discussion of ecological principles as observed at the population, community, and ecosystem levels. The influence of cultural and political factors will also be discussed. Each academic year, one or more sections will be offered; some may be individually subtitled, allowing for one-time presentation of specific topics within the context of "environment and evolution" in addition to multiple-semester presentations of a specific topic (e.g., Evolutionary Ecology, Freshwater and Society, Environmental Issues and Solutions). Fall and spring. BIOS 10108. Revolutions in Biology The goal of this course is to teach six basic tenets of biology, the historical context for each discovery, the scientific and technical advances made, and their ethical implications. The topics will include genetics and evolution, cell biology and biochemistry, the germ theory, and ecology. A term paper is required. Summer. BIOS 10109. Human Reproduction & Society Basic aspects of human development and reproduction will be covered from conception through sexual senescence. In addition, the science behind many currently debated social issues will be addressed. Selected topics might include causes and treatment of infertility, in vitro fertilization, control of male and female fertility, pregnancy and paternity testing, gene therapy, the effects of legal and illegal drug use on reproductive function and embryonic/fetal development, and the impact of current health care policy and practice on infant and prenatal health. Fall. BIOS 10110. Genetics, Technology, and Society The objectives of this course are to give students an overview of human genetics and an appreciation for the relatively new field of molecular biology that is currently being used to study human genetic diseases. Genetic technologies such as cloning and manipulating genes, genetic biotechnology, gene therapy, DNA testing, and so forth will be emphasized. The ethical, social, and legal implications of these technologies will also be covered. In addition, this course will address the role of genetics in human cancer, behavior, obesity, intelligence, and sexual orientation. Generally offered in the summer where there are five lectures per week. When offered during the academic year, there are three lectures per week. BIOS 10115. Microbes and Man The course will provide a survey of relationships between man and microorganisms. General information about microbial physiology, biochemistry, and ecology will support more detailed discussions of interesting topics in food, medical, and applied microbial biology. Included will be subjects of general and historical interest, as well as current newsworthy topics. The student should get a better understanding of the role of microorganisms in disease, the production of common foods, relevant environmental issues, and biotechnology. BIOS 10116. Biology & Nutrition This course provides a general overview of the field in nutrition. Topics to be presented include an introduction to the field of nutrition, nutrient composition of foods, recommended intakes and health claims, a review of the nutrients, food intake and energy balance, sports nutrition, eating disorders, current issues of food safety, fads, and other aspects encompassing nutrition during all stages of life. BIOS 10117. Biodiversity: Its Challenge and Future Today, species of plants and animals are going extinct at an unprecedented rate in the 3.5 billion-year history of life on Earth. Not only are species going extinct, but complete assemblages of species in particular habitats are threatened. The class will survey the reasons why this disappearance of species and habitats concerns biologists, the basic concepts that biologists hope to employ to help prevent the continuance of this trend, and the problems faced in formulating policies that address this problem. This human problem is important locally and globally, since legislation attempting to halt the loss of biological diversity will affect the actions of people at the community, state, national, and international levels. To the majority of people in the US and other developed countries, concern for biodiversity is second only to their economic well-being. Spring. BIOS 10118. Ecology and Wildlife Biology Issues and concepts in ecology, environmental biology, and evolution are examined in the context of wildlife biology, species management, and preservation of endangered species. Spring BIOS 10161. Biological Sciences I Corequisite: BIOS 11161 This is a two-semester course with three lectures and one three-hour laboratory a week for first-year students contemplating a career in biology, medicine, or related areas of life science. The first semester presents a description of biologically important molecules and then proceeds to cell structure, energy metabolism, and classical and modern genetics. The topics presented in the second semester in the context of modern evolutionary theory include biological diversity, ecology, and organismal physiology. BIOS 10161 and 10162 are not typical survey courses; they go into greater depth, especially in modern molecular biology. When followed by BIOS 20241 and BIOS 20250, they will provide biology and biochemistry majors, including premedical intents, with a thorough in-depth overview of basic concepts of modern biology. BIOS 10162. Biological Sciences II Prerequisite: BIOS 10161 Corequisite: BIOS 11162 This is the second semester of a two-semester course for first year students contemplating a career in biology, medicine, or related areas of life science. The topics presented in the second semester in the context of modern evolutionary theory include biological diversity, ecology, and organismal physiology. BIOS 10191. Molecular Genetic Technology Open to non-science honors students only. Not available to students who have previously taken BIOS 10101 or BIOS 11110. The objectives of the course are to have students learn the basics of cell division and Mendelian genetics and then explore the relatively new field of DNA technologies such as gene cloning, genetic testing, biotechnology, and cancer genetic analysis. This course also has a service-learning component in which students will work at the Logan Center in South Bend. Fall. BIOS 11161. Biological Sciences I - Lab Corequisite: BIOS 10161 The laboratory sessions are an integral part of the lecture courses, which will complement the lectures. The lab sessions will also offer the student direct experience in using the scientific method and simultaneously introduce numerous biological and analytical techniques. In addition, students learn to present their findings during the course of the two semesters of laboratory as they would for a journal article or a scientific meeting (seminar and poster presentations). BIOS 11162. Biological Sciences II - Lab Corequisite: BIOS 10162 The laboratory sessions are an integral part of the lecture courses, which will complement the lectures. The lab sessions will also offer the student direct experience in using the scientific method and simultaneously introduce numerous biological and analytical techniques. In addition, students learn to present their findings during the course of the two semesters of laboratory as they would for a journal article or a scientific meeting (seminar and poster presentations). BIOS 12101. Human Genetics, Evolution, and Society Tutorial Corequisite: BIOS 10101 Tutorial for BIOS 10101. BIOS 12107. Ecology and Environmental Issues Tutorial Corequisite: BIOS 10107 Emphasis will be placed upon today's ecological and environmental problems and the possible effect they may have upon the future evolution of life on Earth. Topics will generally include an overview of the theory of evolution and a discussion of ecological principles as observed at the population, community and ecosystem levels. The influence of cultural and political factors will also be discussed. Each academic year, one or more sections will be offered; some may be individually subtitled, allowing for one-time presentation of specific topics within the context of "environment and evolution" in addition to multiple-semester presentations of a specific topic (e.g., Evolutionary Ecology, Freshwater and Society, Environmental Issues and Solutions). Fall and spring. BIOS 20201. General Biology A Prerequisite: (CHEM 10114) OR (CHEM 10116) OR (CHEM 10118) OR (CHEM 10121) OR (CHEM 10122) OR (CHEM 10126) Introduction to living organisms with emphasis on biological processes and principles. BIOS 20201 and 20202, along with their concomitant laboratories (BIOS 21201 and 20202) constitute a traditional two-semester introduction to biology. This sequence covers more topics, but in less depth, than the former BIOS 155-156 or BIOS 10161-10162 and is designed to provide students with the necessary background for subsequent advanced biology courses and to help them prepare for MCATS. A prerequisite is a full year of college chemistry. In addition, organic chemistry is to be taken concurrently. The general sequence of topics is reversed compared to BIOS 10155 and 10156. BIOS 20201 introduces biology to the student at the cellular level, covering such topics as important biological molecules, energy metabolism, and classical and modern genetics. BIOS 20202. General Biology B Prerequisite: (BIOS 20201) Introduction to living organisms with emphasis on biological processes and principles. BIOS 20201 and 20202, along with their concomitant laboratories (BIOS 21201 and 21202) constitute a traditional two-semester introduction to biology. This sequence covers more topics, but in less depth, than BIOS 10155 and 10156 or BIOS 10161 and 10162 and is designed to provide students with the necessary background for subsequent advanced biology courses and to help them prepare for MCATS. A prerequisite is a full year of college chemistry. In addition, organic chemistry is to be taken concurrently. The general sequence of topics is reversed compared to BIOS 10155 and 10156. BIOS 20201 introduces biology to the student at the cellular level, covering such topics as important biological molecules, energy metabolism, and classical and modern genetics. BIOS 10202 goes beyond the cellular level, with an emphasis on organismic physiology, evolution, diversity, and ecology. Note: CHEM 10114 or 10118 or 10126 must be completed before taking BIOS 20201. BIOS 20201, 21201 and 20202, 21202 may be substituted for 10155-10156 or 10161-10162; however, this sequence is quite different from 10155-10156 or 10161-10162 in content and does not provide the depth afforded by 10155-10156 or 10161-10162 nor does 20201-20202 provide the equivalent laboratory experience essential to biology majors intent on taking BIOS 21241 and 21250. BIOS 20241. Molecular Cellular Biology Prerequisite: (BIOS 20250) AND (CHEM 20247OR CHEM 20223) This course is restricted to biological science and majors only. This course explores the fundamental structural and functional basis of cell biology, with specific emphasis on molecular mechanisms that regulate cellular activities involved in ion and solute transport, organelle biogenesis, protein trafficking and vesicular transport, intracellular communication and signaling, cell cycle growth control regulation, and cytomechanics. The lecture portion of the course is dedicated to exposing students to the protein machinery driving cell functions, while the laboratory complements lecture by providing a combination of experiments and opportunities for independent project-based investigation focused on elucidating basic cell function. Spring. BIOS 20250. Classical and Molecular Genetics Prerequisite: (BIOS 10155) OR (BIOS 10156) OR (BIOS 20201) OR (BIOS 10161) OR (BIOS 10162) This course is restricted to biological science majors only. The course exposes students to classical and molecular genetics and demonstrates how these two approaches can combine to examine complex problems. The lecture is strongly weighted toward teaching students to solve genetic and molecular biological problems. Classical genetic principles are introduced first. Students are then presented with the techniques to examine underlying genetic principles through problem solving. Basic principles and techniques of molecular biology are next presented, and students learn how to apply these techniques to explore genetic problems. The laboratory gives the students hands-on experience in a number of genetic and molecular techniques and demonstrates how these procedures are combined to produce a cohesive genetic picture. Experiments begin with classical genetic analysis of a mutation, progress to isolating the mutant gene by PCR and standard cloning techniques, followed by DNA sequencing the genomic fragments to determine the nature of the genetic defect. Immunolocalization of the protein in mutant and wild-type flies brings the molecular work back to the organism, providing a full-circle study of the genetic mutation under study. At the end of the lab, students are ready for the independent study projects conducted in the laboratory for BIOS 20241, Molecular Cell Biology. Fall. BIOS 20303. Fundamentals of Genetics Prerequisite: (BIOS 10156) OR (BIOS 20201) OR (BIOS 10161) An elementary course dealing with the principles of variation and inheritance in plants and animals, with special reference to humans. Designed primarily for junior preprofessional students. Spring. BIOS 21201. General Biology A Laboratory Corequisite: BIOS 20201 Students registering for BIOS 20201 must concurrently register for 21201. BIOS 21202. General Biology B Laboratory Corequisite: BIOS 20202 Materials covered in laboratory parallel the lecture material for the most part. BIOS 21241. Molecular Cellular Biology Laboratory Corequisite: BIOS 20241 This cell biology laboratory is a special section only for biology and environmental science majors. It focuses on techniques rather than the investigational experimental approach of BIOS 27241R. Note: Prior to Spring 2003, there was a single BIOS 20241 laboratory. See the current description of BIOS 27241 for details of that experimental laboratory. BIOS 21250. Classical and Molecular Genetics Laboratory Prerequisite: ( (BIOS 10156) OR (BIOS 10161) OR (BIOS 20201) ) AND (BIOS 20250 (MAY BE TAKEN CONCURRENTLY) (MAY BE TAKEN CONCURRENTLY) ) In this laboratory course, students will characterize mutations that cause retinal degeneration in the fruit fly, Drosophila Melanogasterin a series of related experiments comprising a semester-long study. The labs will be broken into two major sections, starting with the genetic characterization of a mutation, followed by the molecular characterization of the altered gene causing that mutation. This directed research project will be presented in two drafts of a complex research paper. Some work outside the four-hour lab period will be required. Fall. BIOS 21303. Fundamental Genetics Laboratory Prerequisite: (BIOS 20303 (MAY BE TAKEN CONCURRENTLY)) Laboratory provides experience in genetic experimentation and analysis. Either BIOS 21250 or 31303 is required for biology majors, optional for others. Spring. BIOS 24210. Animal Ecology Biotic and abiotic determinants and limiting factors in growth and control of animal populations/communities. Food webs, decomposition of processes, nutriente cycling. Features, habitats and fauna of terrestrial, fresheater and marine ecosystems. BIOS 24241. Molecular Cell Biology Chromosome organisation and genome stability; mutation, repair and recomination; genetic linkage and chromosome mapping; gene expression and its regulation; protein targeting; cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM); cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions; cell-cycle regulation, apoptosis and cancer. BIOS 24250. Genetics Course covers Mendelian, Molecular, and Applied Molecular genetics. BIOS 27241. Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory Prerequisite: BIOS 20241 (MAY BE TAKEN CONCURRENTLY) This cell biology laboratory, reserved exclusively for BIOS majors, is an investigative, project-based laboratory designed to expose students to a bona fide research experience involving the development and application of critical thinking skills to solve complex research problems. Working in groups of four to six, students will devote themselves to tackling self-chosen research projects reviewed and approved by course instructors. The culmination of the laboratory experience ends when students formally prepare and present their findings in a poster-style scientific meeting. Spring. BIOS 28498. Introduction to Undergraduate Research Introduction to research procedures including basic laboratory methods, design of effective experiments, use of controls and statistics to generate valid data, ethical concerns relevant to reporting research data, literature searches, and delivery of effective research presentations. BIOS 30301. Embryology Prerequisite: ( (BIOS 10155) AND (BIOS 10156) ) OR ( (BIOS 10161) AND (BIOS 10162) ) OR ( (BIOS 20201) AND (BIOS 20202) ) Overview of the embryology and histology of the developing organism with an emphasis on the clinical aspects. Content very similar to BIOS 40342. BIOS 30304. General Botany Prerequisite: (BIOS 10156) OR (BIOS 20202) Corequisite: BIOS 31304 A broad survey of the plant kingdom, emphasizing morphology and anatomy, with attention given to major plant functions of growth and development in chiefly angiospermous (= "higher") plants. Laboratory instruction includes a semester project involving photomicrography or seed germination and cloning. BIOS 30305. Evolution Prerequisite: (BIOS 10155 OR (BIOS 10162) OR (BIOS 20202) The mechanisms and processes involved in the production of life as we know it today, as well as a discussion on the impact current events may have upon life in the future. Spring. BIOS 30310. The History of Life Prerequisite: ( (BIOS 10155) AND (BIOS 10156) ) OR ( (BIOS 10161) AND (BIOS 10162) ) OR ( (BIOS 20201) AND (BIOS 20202) ) This course explores the origin, history, and systematics of life on Earth, starting from hypotheses examining life's origin(s) and including current thinking concerning the systematic relationships of organisms and the evolution of humans. The class will be taught primarily from a macroevolutionary perspective. BIOS 30310 therefore represents the complement to BIOS 30305 (Evolution), which concentrates on processes generating gene frequency changes within populations (i.e., microevolution). Fall. BIOS 30312. General Ecology Prerequisite: ( (BIOS 10155) AND (BIOS 10156) ) OR ( (BIOS 10161) AND (BIOS 10162) ) OR ( (BIOS 20201) AND (BIOS 20202 ) ) The study of populations and communities of organisms and their interrelations with the environment. Fall and spring. BIOS 30325. Plant Science Prerequisite: ( ( (BIOS 10155) AND (BIOS 10156) ) OR ( (BIOS 10161) AND (BIOS 10162) ) OR ( (BIOS 20201) AND (BIOS 20202) ) ) AND ( (BIOS 20241) OR (BIOS 30341 (MAY BE TAKEN CONCURRENTLY)) ) AND ( (BIOS 20250 (MAY BE TAKEN CONCURRENTLY) ) OR (BIOS 20303) ) This course for biology majors provides a more detailed examination of plant development, biochemistry, genetics, and ecology than presented in the general and cell biology courses. Specific topics include energy capture and biosynthesis strategies, plant biochemistry, nitrogen fixation, defense mechanisms, plant diversity, plant reproductive strategies, plant genetics, grassland and forest ecology, plant domestication, the ecological impact of plant domestication, and forest management policy (Fall). BIOS 30326. Human Genetics Prerequisite: (BIOS 10156 ) OR (BIOS 20201 ) OR (BIOS 10161) OR (BIOS 10162) AND ( (BIOS 20250) OR (BIOS 20303) )(BIOS 10155)) Evaluation of human genetics in the light of modern genetic research. BIOS 30338. Neurobiology Prerequisite: ( (BIOS 10155) OR (BIOS 10156) OR (BIOS 20201) OR (BIOS 10161) OR (BIOS 10162) ) AND ( (BIOS 20241) OR (BIOS 30341) OR (BIOS 30344) ) Neuroscience is a relatively new field. It consists of several quite separate disciplines, for example, neuroanatomy, which studies the structure of neural tissue; neurophysiology, which investigates individual nerve cell properties; neurochemistry, which is concerned with the substances found in brain tissue; and cognitive neuroscience, which deals with higher brain function. This course will discuss all of these issues. Topics will include nerve cell function (i.e., electric and chemical synapses, neurotransmitters, and neural control of locomotion), and cognition (i.e., perception, learning, and memory). By the end of the course, students will be expected to understand our current knowledge of how the brain controls our actions and behaviors. BIOS 30341. Cellular Biology Prerequisite: ( (BIOS 10155) AND (BIOS 10156) ) OR ( (BIOS 10161) AND (BIOS 10162) ) OR ( (BIOS 20201) AND (BIOS 20202) ) AND ( (CHEM 20223) OR (CHEM 20235) OR (CHEM 20247) ) Designed primarily for junior preprofessional students. Structural and functional aspects of the biology of cells are addressed. Fall and spring. BIOS 30342. Developmental Biology Prerequisite: (BIOS 10155) OR (BIOS 10162) OR (BIOS 20202) Development of plants, animals, and microorganisms studied at the molecular, cellular, and organismic levels. BIOS 30344. Vertebrate (Human) Physiology Prerequisite: (BIOS 10155 OR BIOS 1016101) AND (BIOS 10156 OR BIOS 1016202) AND (CHEM 20223 OR CHEM 20235 OR CHEM 20247) Physiological functions and processes at the level of organs and organ systems, oriented primarily toward humans. Designed primarily for junior preprofessional students. Fall. BIOS 30401. Principles of Microbiology Prerequisite: ( ( (BIOS 10155) AND (BIOS 10156) ) OR ( (BIOS 10161) AND (BIOS 10162) ) OR ( (BIOS 20201) AND (BIOS 20202) ) ) AND ( (CHEM 20224) OR (CHEM 20248) ) An introduction to microbial life, including structure and function of bacteria. Characterization and classification of microorganisms are considered and include their ecology, growth and death, metabolism, physiology, genetics and antigenic analysis. The impact of microorganisms on human health is discussed through representative pathogenic bacteria. Fall. BIOS 30404. Vertebrate Biology Prerequisite: (BIOS 10156) OR (BIOS 10162) OR (BIOS 20202) A study of systematic relationships, evolution, and life histories of living and extinct vertebrates, and the physiology and behavior of living vertebrates. Fall. BIOS 30406. General Entomology Prerequisite: (BIOS 10155) OR (BIOS 10156) OR (BIOS 20201) OR (BIOS 10161) OR (BIOS 10162) A study of the morphology, life histories, and systematic relationships of insects, with emphasis on medical and agricultural aspects. Alternating fall semesters. BIOS 30407. Animal Behavior Prerequisite: (BIOS 10155) OR (BIOS 10162) OR (BIOS 20202) A consideration of individual and social behavior patterns, with emphasis on organization and adaptive significance. Neural, endocrine, genetic, and environmental factors modifying behavior will be examined. Spring. BIOS 30408. Arthropods and Human Disease Prerequisite: (BIOS 10155 OR BIOS 1016101) AND (BIOS 10156 OR BIOS 1016202) Emphasis on physiology, genetics, and relationships of arthropods as agents and vectors of disease. Alternating spring semesters. BIOS 30418. Molecular Genetics Prerequisite: ( (BIOS 10155) OR (BIOS 10156) OR (BIOS 20201) OR (BIOS 10161) OR (BIOS 10162) ) AND ( (BIOS 20250) OR (BIOS 20303) ) AND ( (CHEM 20248) OR (CHEM 40420) )(BIOS 10155 The course will introduce the tools of modern molecular biology and explore their applications at the frontiers of biological research. Advanced topics may include molecular medicine, biotechnology, development, evolution, and neurobiology. Fall. BIOS 30420. Aquatic Ecology Prerequisite: ( (BIOS 10155) AND (BIOS 10156) ) OR ( (BIOS 10161) AND (BIOS 10162) ) OR ( (BIOS 20201) AND (BIOS 20202) ) Corequisite: BIOS 31420 A study of the structure and function of aquatic systems with emphasis on the behavioral, physiological and morphological adaptations generated by the physical and chemical characteristics of various aquatic habitats. Fall. BIOS 30421. Integrative Comparative Physiology Prerequisite: (BIOS 20241) AND (BIOS 20250) Designed primarily for students in the biology or biochemistry majors sequences. This course is designed to be taken either as an introductory animal physiology course for students without formal training in physiology beyond general biology or as a second physiology course for students who have already taken BIOS 30344. General physiological principles are introduced, and the course is designed around the classical organ/system approach to physiology but with stress on comparative and evolutionary relationships. Emphasis is placed on the integrated nature of the various physiological systems and on the relationships of the physiology of the organism to its environment (physiological ecology) as well as to the lower levels of biological hierarchy (biochemistry, cell, and molecular biology). Special emphasis is placed on adaptations to environmental extremes. This course has four lectures per week. Spring. BIOS 30423. Genomics: Sequence to Organism Prerequisite: ( (BIOS 10155) OR (BIOS 10156) OR (BIOS 20201) OR (BIOS 10161) OR (BIOS 10162) ) AND ( (BIOS 20250) OR (BIOS 20303)) This course will introduce the methods of genome science and explore their applications in biological research and their impact on biological thinking. Topics will include how genomes are studied, how they function, and how they evolve. The importance of comparative and functional genomics in identifying mechanisms of human diseases will be highlighted. Spring. BIOS 30475. Laboratory Animal Science Prerequisite: (BIOS 10155) OR (BIOS 10156) OR (BIOS 20201) OR (BIOS 10161) OR (BIOS 10162) An introduction to laboratory animal science, focusing on federally mandated regulations, animal rights/animal welfare controversies, general care and use of animals in a full-compliance program, and common methodologies used in animal-based research. Enrollment is by consent of instructor only and limited to junior or senior undergraduate pre-veterinary students, or biology majors whose graduate career program will require animal use, or graduate students whose research requires animal use at Notre Dame. Spring. BIOS 30568. Introduction to UNDERC Open only to students previously accepted into the UNDERC program. (Spring) BIOS 31304. Botany Laboratory Prerequisite: (BIOS 10156) OR (BIOS 20202) Corequisite: BIOS 30304 General botany laboratory is to be taken concurrently with the general botany lecture. Students may not take lecture alone or laboratory alone. BIOS 31312. General Ecology Laboratory Prerequisite: (BIOS 30312 (MAY BE TAKEN CONCURRENTLY) (MAY BE TAKEN CONCURRENTLY) ) General ecology laboratory is to be taken concurrently with the general ecology lecture. Students may not take lecture alone or laboratory alone. BIOS 31341. Cell Biology Laboratory Prerequisite: ( (BIOS 10156) OR (BIOS 20202) ) AND ( (BIOS 20241 (MAY BE TAKEN CONCURRENTLY) (MAY BE TAKEN CONCURRENTLY) ) OR (BIOS 30341 (MAY BE TAKEN CONCURRENTLY) (MAY BE TAKEN CONCURRENTLY) ) ) This laboratory course exposes students to a variety of techniques in modern cell biology. Students will get hands-on experience in working with cultured cell lines, including sterile technique, media preparation, and passaging of cells. Individual experiments will include assessment of cell growth and apoptosis, examination of subcellular structure using fluorescent microscopy, separation and analysis of nucleic acids and proteins, enzyme assays, and measurement of cell cycle by flow cytometry. It provides an excellent introduction to the approaches routinely used in analysis of cells and their functions. Fall. BIOS 31401. Principles of Microbiology Lab Prerequisite: (BIOS 10156) OR BIOS 10162 OR (BIOS 20202) AND (BIOS 30401 (MAY BE TAKEN CONCURRENTLY) OR BIOS 401 (MAY BE TAKEN CONCURRENTLY) ) Laboratory exercises consider basic techniques in microbiology, such as sterile procedures and microbial metabolism. Fall. BIOS 31406. General Entomology Laboratory Prerequisite: ( (BIOS 10155) OR (BIOS 10156) OR (BIOS 20201) OR (BIOS 10161) OR (BIOS 10162) ) AND ( (BIOS 30406 (MAY BE TAKEN CONCURRENTLY)) ) The laboratory introduces students to insect morphology, systematics, and techniques used in the study of insects. Offered concurrently with lecture. BIOS 31408. Medical and Veterinary Entomology Laboratory Prerequisite: (BIOS 30408 (MAY BE TAKEN CONCURRENTLY)) The laboratory introduces students to the variety of arthropods that vector disease agents or otherwise affect the lives of humans and other vertebrate animals. Offered concurrently with lecture. BIOS 31420. Aquatic Ecology Laboratory Prerequisite: (BIOS 10156) OR BIOS 10162 OR (BIOS 20202) Corequisite: BIOS 30420 Aquatic ecology laboratory is to be taken concurrently with the aquatic ecology lecture. Students may not take lecture alone or laboratory alone. BIOS 31421. Integrative Comparative Physiology Laboratory Prerequisite: (BIOS 30421 (MAY BE TAKEN CONCURRENTLY)) OR (BIOS 30344 (MAY BE TAKEN CONCURRENTLY)) Laboratory provides experience with experimentation and analysis of physiological concepts at the organismal, cellular, and molecular levels. Spring.
BIOS 35501. Introduction to UNDERC Open only to students previously accepted into the UNDERC program. BIOS 35502. Practicum in Environmental Field Biology Practical training in aquatic and environmental biology through lecture and field experience at the University's environmental research facility located in northern Wisconsin and the upper peninsula of Michigan. Course includes an independent research project. (Summer) BIOS 35503. Practicum in Environmental Biology II Prerequisite: BIOS 35502 This course is designed to give the student advanced practical laboratory experience in ecological studies in the grasslands and mountains of western Montana on the Flathead Indian Reservation. The nine week learning experience consists of one week modules on grassland ecology, montane ecology, wildlife ecology, and human ecology focusing on ancestral Native American lifeways, and each student conducts an independent research project over the remaining five weeks. Each student is provided with a $2500 stipend, tuition and expenses. For further information, write Dr Gary Belovsky, Department of Biological Sciences, Notre Dame, IN 46556. BIOS 35504. Practicum in Environmental Field Biology III Opportunity to take field classes and conduct an independent research project in University of Puerto Rico programs at the El Verde (rain forest) or Mayaquez (marine) field stations. Participation in this program required students to have first taken the Practicum in Environmental Field Biology I at "UNDERC East" (BIOS 35502) BIOS 35568. UNDERC Field Studies-Academic Year BIOS 35568 and the companion summer course, BIOS 35569, provide students with the opportunity for extended field studies in the UNDERC environment. BIOS 37491. Teaching Practicum in the Life Sciences Same as BIOS 37495 except that students who are registered for this section are paid as undergraduate teaching assistants; this section is not graded and no academic credit is given. BIOS 37492. Teaching Practicum in the Life Sciences Same as BIOS 37495 except that this is a S/U-graded variable credit section; 2.0 maximum credits allowed BIOS 37493. Teaching Practicum in the Life Sciences Same as BIOS 37495 except that this is a letter-graded variable credit section; 2.0 maximum credits allowed BIOS 37494. Teach Practicum/Life Sciences Same as BIOS 37495 except that this is a letter-graded variable credit section; 2.0 maximum credits allowed BIOS 37495. Teaching Practicum in Life Sciences This course gives the advanced student an opportunity to gain direct experience in teaching. Students are assigned regular teaching duties in certain laboratory courses and must be prepared to accept responsibility. Note: Most states will not accept this in lieu of practice teaching in an education department. Students must clear lab assignments with each section's practicum coordinator. Fall and spring. BIOS 40320. Aquatic Conservation: Global Freshwaters, Science and Policy Prerequisite: ( (BIOS 10155) OR (BIOS 10156) OR (BIOS 20201) OR (BIOS 10161) OR (BIOS 10162) ) AND ( (BIOS 30312) OR (BIOS 30420) ) This course is designed for advanced undergraduates with a backgound in ecology and/or environmental science. The first primary goal will be to read, discuss, and write about the main on-going global environmental changes that affect the global water cycle, including regional water quality and water availability. The second primary goal will be to have students examine how the current scientific understanding of these issues has or has not been incorporated into regional, national and international policy, including policies on water rights. Guest lecturers will be broadly drawn from the research, legal and NGO fields. There will be a textbook, supplemented by readings from the primary literature and other sources. BIOS 40342. Advanced Developmental Biology Prerequisite: (BIOS 10155 OR BIOS 1016202) AND (BIOS 20250 OR BIOS 20303) AND (BIOS 2024141) Development of plants, animals, and microorganisms studied at the molecular, cellular, and organismic levels. BIOS 40342 is taught at a higher level with genetics and cell biology as prerequisites in contrast to BIOS 30342. Spring. BIOS 40411. Biostatistics Prerequisite: ( (BIOS 10156) OR (BIOS 10162) OR (BIOS 20202) ) AND ( (MATH 10360 OR MATH 120 OR MATH 120A OR MATH 120B OR MATH 120C OR MATH 120E OR MATH 120F OR MATH 120G OR MATH 120H) OR (MATH 10560 OR MATH 126 OR MATH 126A OR MATH 126B OR MATH 126C OR MATH 126E OR MATH 126F) OR (MATH 10860 OR MATH 166) OR (MATH 10460 OR MATH 196) ) Corequisite: BIOS 42411 Basic principles of statistical analysis and their application to biological problems, including statistical inference, analysis of variance, regression, non-parametric approaches, and introduction to statistical computing. This course's "lab" is a tutorial; it does not fulfill the laboratory elective requirement (after 1993). Students may not take both BIOS 40411 and MATH 20340. Spring. BIOS 40415. Medical and Veterinary Parasitology Prerequisite: (BIOS 10156) OR (BIOS 10162) OR (BIOS 20202) The animal parasites of humans and related hosts are reviewed. The pathology caused by these parasites, epidemiology, life cycles, prophylactic and therapeutic control are considered. Spring. BIOS 40416. Virology Prerequisite: (BIOS 20250 OR BIOS 20303) AND (BIOS 2024141) AND (BIOS 21250L) AND (BIOS 31341 OR BIOS 27241R) A study of viruses as primitive biological entities and as disease-inducing agents in humans and other animals: characteristics of viruses and virus infections; molecular aspects of virus replication; methods for diagnosis and prevention of infections; artificial use of viruses. Spring. BIOS 40417. Human Musculoskeletal Anatomy Prerequisite: ( (BIOS 10155) AND (BIOS 10156) ) OR ( (BIOS 10161) AND (BIOS 10162) ) OR ( (BIOS 20201) AND (BIOS 20202) ) An introduction to basic anatomical principles relating to bones and muscles and to the normal anatomical and biochemical aspects of the human musculoskeletal system. Fall. BIOS 40419. Immunology Prerequisite: (BIOS 10155 OR BIOS 1016101) AND (BIOS 10156 OR BIOS 1016202) AND (BIOS 20250 OR BIOS 2030303) AND (BIOS 2024141) An introductory course emphasizing the cells and tissues of the immune system and the nature and function of antigens and antibodies. A survey is presented of immune capabilities of humans and animals, immune diseases, immunodeficiency states, transplantation of organs, and the influence of nutrition on the immune system. Fall. BIOS 40424. Tumor Cell Biology Prerequisite: ( (BIOS 10155) OR (BIOS 10156) OR (BIOS 20201) OR (BIOS 10161) OR (BIOS 10162) ) AND ( (BIOS 20250) OR (BIOS 20303) ) AND ( (BIOS 20241) OR (BIOS 30341) ) Overview of the cancer development process at the cellular and molecular level, including regulatory networks involved in growth control and tissue organization and an introduction to animal, cell, and molecular techniques for studying progression, treatment, and prevention of cancer. Spring. BIOS 40435. Cellular and Molecular Basis of Human Disease Prerequisite: ( (BIOS 10155) OR (BIOS 10156) OR (BIOS 20201) OR (BIOS 10161) OR (BIOS 10162) ) AND ( (BIOS 20241) OR (BIOS 30341) ) This course will explore the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying various human diseases. Following an introduction to principles of disease, lectures will focus on recent advances in cellular and molecular aspects of immune responses and inflammation, pathogenic mechanisms and tumor cell biology (including abnormal growth regulation, invasion and metastasis). Specific examples of human diseases will be utilized to illustrate the concepts of disease-related gene products, the use of experimental animal models and the development of novel therapeutic strategies. BIOS 40440. A.I.D.S. Prerequisite: ( (BIOS 10155) AND (BIOS 10156) ) OR ( (BIOS 10161) AND (BIOS 10162) ) OR ( (BIOS 20201) AND (BIOS 20202) ) AND ( (BIOS 20241) AND (BIOS 27241R) ) OR ( (BIOS 30341) AND (BIOS 31341L) ) AND ( (BIOS 20250) AND (BIOS 21250L) ) OR ( (BIOS 20303) AND (BIOS 21303L) ) This course will explore the phenomenon of AIDS, including characteristics of the worldwide AIDS pandemic, the virus (HIV) itself, the immune system and HIV, methods of diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and basic epidemiology as it relates to AIDS. This is an advanced course in infectious diseases designed for preprofessional and other interested students. Fall. BIOS 40460. Plant Ecology Prerequisite: (BIOS 30312) An overview of ecological principles as they relate to botanical ecosystems. BIOS 40562. Aquatic Insects Prerequisite: (BIOS 30312) OR (BIOS 30420) Corequisite: BIOS 41562 The taxonomy and ecology of insects having aquatic stages in their life cycles. BIOS 40573. Topics in Ecology: Ecosystem Ecology Subject matter changes depending on students' needs. Prospective subjects include systems analysis in ecology or biogeography. (On demand) BIOS 41342. Developmental Biology Laboratory Corequisite: BIOS 40342 Laboratory exercises will examines the basic developmental mechanisms of animals and plants. Students may not take both BIOS 30342 and 40342 and/or 40414 because the lecture materials are very similar in the three developmental biology courses. Offered on an irregular basis. BIOS 41344. Vertebrate (Human) Physiology Laboratory Prerequisite: ( (BIOS 10155) OR (BIOS 10156) OR (BIOS 20201) OR (BIOS 10161) OR (BIOS 10162) ) AND ( (BIOS 30344 (MAY BE TAKEN CONCURRENTLY)) OR (BIOS 30421 (MAY BE TAKEN CONCURRENTLY)) ) Laboratory experience in physiology. Ideally, this laboratory is taken after students have completed the BIOS 30344 lecture. Fall. BIOS 41415. Medical and Veterinary Parasitology Laboratory Corequisite: BIOS 40415 The laboratory introduces students to the microscopic world of parasites. Extensive microscope work is needed. Spring, on demand. BIOS 41417. Anatomy Laboratory Prerequisite: (BIOS 10156) OR (BIOS 20202) Corequisite: BIOS 40417 This lab is available by special arrangement with the instructor and is designed primarily for physical therapy intents. The focus is on musculoskeletal anatomy and should NOT considered a substitute for a general anatomy laboratory. BIOS 41475. Laboratory Animal Science Laboratory Prerequisite: ( (BIOS 10155) OR (BIOS 10156) OR (BIOS 20201) OR (BIOS 10161) OR (BIOS 10162) ) AND ( (BIOS 30475) ) This course focuses on experimental techniques and methodologies in both laboratory and clinical settings. Students will divide their laboratory time between hands-on work in the animal facility and clinical experience in area veterinary clinics when possible. Enrollment is by consent of instructor only and limited to senior undergraduate pre-veterinary students, or senior biology majors whose graduate research program will require animal use at Notre Dame. Every student will be required to keep a complete notebook and develop a semester journal project or case study. Fall. BIOS 41562. Aquatic Insects Laboratory Corequisite: BIOS 40562 The taxonomy and ecology of insects having aquatic stages in their life cycles. (Spring: on demand) BIOS 42411. Biostatistics Tutorial Corequisite: BIOS 40411 The biostatistics tutorial is to be taken concurrently with the lecture. Students may not take lecture alone or the tutorial alone. BIOS 46497. Directed Readings This course provides the opportunity for independent study through readings on specific topics in biological science. Readings are chosen with the advice of the supervising instructor. Students may not register for more than three credits per semester; only two credits per semester may be counted as BIOS elective credits by majors. Offered all semesters. BIOS 48498. Undergraduate Research Research in collaboration with members of the faculty. Evaluation of performance will be accomplished through regular discussions with the faculty member in charge of the course. Enrollment must be completed before the end of the first week each semester. Students may not register for more than three credits per semester; only two credits per semester may be counted as BIOS elective credits by majors. Offered all semesters. BIOS 50543. Ethics & Science Use of four ethical theories and five classical logical/analytical criteria to ethically evaluate case studies in contemporary science. Problems analyzed via contemporary science include practical issues of plagiarism, attribution, peer reviewing, data sharing, data ownership, collaborative science, scientific misconduct, paternalism, whistle blowing, conflicts of interest, secrecy in science, and advocacy in science. Methodological issues to be dealt with include scientists misrepresenting their opinions with confirmed science, cooking and trimming their data, failure to attend to the purposes for which their research may be used or misused, and scientists' use of evaluative presuppositions, questionable inferences and default rules, question-begging validation and benchmarking, and misleading statistics. On demand. BIOS 50544. Environmental Justice This course will survey environmental impact assessment (EIA), ecological risk assessment (ERA), and human-health risk assessment (HHRA); ethical and methodological issues related to these techniques; then apply these techniques to contemporary assessments for which state and federal governments are seeking comments by scientists and citizens. BIOS 50545. Bio-Medical Ethics and Public Health Risk The course will survey ethical and scientific issues associated with current public health problems such as pollution-induced cancers, occupational injury and death, and inadequate emphasis on disease prevention, nutrition, and environmental health. This course does not count as science credit for College of Science undergraduate majors. Cross-listed with PHIL 43708.
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